Remember, although I attempted to provide a footnote for all words used 20x or less in the New Testament with a gloss, I may have missed some. Also, you may not know all words used more than 20x in the New Testament. Don’t let that stop you from participating. Just visit Perseus’ word study tool here, copy and paste the word you don’t know, and get morphological information and definitions for that word.
[1] μετριάζειν from μετριάζω “to be moderate, keep measure, behave well” [Used 0x in NT; 1x in LXX]
[2] Ἐπειδὴ from ἐπειδή “since, because, for” [Used 10x in NT; 20x in LXX]
[3] πρᾶγμα from πρᾶγμα “thing, deed” [Used 11x in NT; 121x in LXX]
[4] ἀνθρώπινον from ἀνθρώπινος “human” [Used 7x in NT; 14x in LXX]
[5] παιδεύει from παιδεύω “to instruct, discipline” [Used 13x in NT; 88x in LXX]
[6] ἀνατιθέναι from ἀνατίθημι “to set up, dedicate, declare, ascribe” [Used 2x in NT; 9x in LXX]
[7] ἐνήρξασθε from ἐνάρχομαι “to begin” [Used 2x in NT; 11x in LXX]
[8] κατορθώματα from κατορθώμα “success, good order, improvement” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[9] θαρρῶ from θαρρέω “to be courageous, brave” [Used 6x in NT; 3x in LXX]
[10] διάκειμαι from διάκειμαι “to be firm, solid” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[11] ἐγκώμιον from ἐγκώμιον “praise, encomium, eulogy, panygeric” [Used 0x in NT; 2x in LXX]
[12] προσωπολήπτης from προσωπολήπτης “respecter of persons” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[13] πρόθεσιν from πρόθεσις “placing in public, setting forth, offering” [Used 12x in NT; 18x in LXX]
[14] συνεφάπτεται from συνεφάπτομαι “to lay hold of jointly” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[15] δῆλον from δῆλος “evident, clear” [Used 3x in NT; 9x in LXX]
[16] ἐπισπάσασθαι from ἐπισπάω “to draw in, bring upon” [Used 1x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[17] αἴτιοι from αἴτιος “cause, source, guilt” [Used 5x in NT; 6x in LXX]
[18] ἀπεστέρησεν from ἀποστερέω “to defraud” [Used 6x in NT; 8x in LXX]
[19] ἁπλῶς from ἁπλῶς “simply, sincerely, generously” [Used 1x in NT; 3x in LXX]
[20] ἐκίνει from κινέω “to move, disturb” [Used 8x in NT; 47x in LXX]
[21] συμπράττειν from συμπράσσω “to help, assist” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[22] ὑπερβῆναι from ὑπερβαίνω “to cross over, exceed, sin against” [Used 1x in NT; 17x in LXX]
[23] φύσιν from φύσις “nature” [Used 14x in NT; 12x in LXX]
[24] ἑτέρως from ἑτέρως “otherwise” [Used 1x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[25] ῥοπῆς from ῥοπή “weight, influence” [Used 0x in NT; 7x in LXX]
[26] κάματος from κάματος “toil, trouble, work, distress” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[27] θαρρεῖν from θαρρέω “to be courageous, brave” [Used 6x in NT; 3x in LXX]
[28] εὐμαρῶς from εὐμαρής “easy convenient” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[29] διανυόντων from διανύω “to arrive, finish” [Used 1x in NT; 1x in LXX]
[30] βοηθουμένων from βοηθέω “to help” [Used 8x in NT; 106x in LXX]
[31] βεβαιώσει from βεβαίωσις “confirmation” [Used 2x in NT; 2x in LXX]
[32] συγκοινωνούς from συγκοινωνός “participant” [Used 4x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[33] τέω from τέος “thing” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[34] ἐνταῦθα from ἐνταῦθα “here, on the one side” [Used 0x in NT; 32x in LXX]
[35] πόθον from πόθος “longing” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[36] δεσμωτηρίῳ from δεσμωτηρίον “prison” [Used 4x in NT; 6x in LXX]
[37] προλήψεως from πρόληψις “preconception, mental picture” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[38] χρίσεως from χρῖσις “anointing” [Used 0x in NT; 15x in LXX]
[39] λογισμῶν from λογισμός “thought, deliberation, reasoning, reason” [Used 2x in NT; 113x in LXX]
[40] ὀρθῶν from ὀρθός “straight, upright, erect, orthodox” [Used 2x in NT; 26x in LXX]
[41] σφοδρῶς from σφοδρῶς “greatly, exceedingly” [Used 1x in NT; 4x in LXX]
[42] τεκμήριόν from τεκμήριον “sign, proof” [Used 1x in NT; 3x in LXX]
[43] θαυμαστόν from θαυμαστός “marvelous, wonderful” [Used 6x in NT; 41x in LXX]
[44] ἀπολογίᾳ from ἀπολογία “defense” [Used 8x in NT; 1x in LXX]
[45] εἰσῄειν from εἴσειμι “to enter, come before, recognize” [Used 4x in NT; 6x in LXX]
[46] δικαστήριον from δικαστήριον “lawcourt” [Used 0x in NT; 1x in LXX]
[47] ἀπολογησόμενος from ἀπολογέομαι “to defend oneself” [Used 10x in NT; 3x in LXX]
[48] ἐξεπέσατέ from ἐκπίπτω “to fall off” [Used 10x in NT; 15x in LXX]
[49] μνήμης from μνήμη “remembrance, memory” [Used 1x in NT; 17x in LXX]
[50] τυραννικὸν from τυραννικός “tyrannical” [Used 0x in NT; 2x in LXX]
[51] ἔρως from ἔρως “love” [Used 0x in NT; 2x in LXX]
[52] παραχωρεῖν from παραχωρέω “to concede, to deliver” [Used 0x in NT; 2x in LXX]
[53] ἀεὶ from ἀεὶ “always” [Used 7x in NT; 14x in LXX]
[54] ὀδύνην from ὀδύνη “pain, sorrow, anguish” [Used 2x in NT; 67x in LXX]
[55] συγχωρεῖν from συγχωρέω “to come together, agree, permit, forgive” [Used 0x in NT; 5x in LXX]
[56] περιγενέσθαι from περιγίνομαι “to master, be given” [Used 0x in NT; 2x in LXX]
[57] Καθάπερ from καθάπερ “as, just as, like” [Used 13x in NT; 82x in LXX]
[58] καμίνου from καμίνος “furnace” [Used 4x in NT; 44x in LXX]
[59] φλογὸς from φλόξ “flame” [Used 7x in NT; 51x in LXX]
[60] δρόσος from δρόσος “dew” [Used 0x in NT; 41x in LXX]
[61] φιλία from φιλία “friend” [Used 1x in NT; 36x in LXX]
[62] ἀρέσκοντος from ἀρέσκω “to please” [Used 17x in NT; 54x in LXX]
[63] καταλαβοῦσα from καταλαμβάνω “to put out, take, overtake, reach” [Used 15x in NT; 118x in LXX]
[64] ἀποτινάσσει from ἀποτινάσσω “to shake off” [Used 2x in NT; 3x in LXX]
[65] δεσμὰ from δεσμός “chains, bonds, imprisonment” [Used 18x in NT; 48x in LXX]
[66] πάνυ from πάνυ “altogether, entirely” [Used 0x in NT; 4x in LXX]
[67] ὑγιῶς from ὑγιῶς “soundly” [Used 0x in NT; 1x in LXX]
[68] παρῃτήσατο from παραιτέομαι “to ask, refuse” [Used 12x in NT; 7x in LXX]
[69]ἀπατεών from ἀπάτη “deceitfulness, deceit” [Used 7x in NT; 5x in LXX]
[70] ὑπομένων from ὑπομένω “to endure, remain, wait upon” [Used 17x in NT; 82x in LXX]
[71] ἀνταποδιδόντα from ἀνταποδίδωμι “to repay, give back” [Used 7x in NT; 87x in LXX]
[72] εἵλετο from αἱρέω “to choose, grasp, seize” [Used 3x in NT; 11x in LXX]
[73] κινδύνους from κινδύνος “danger, peril” [Used 9x in NT; 12x in LXX]
[74] ἀναδέξασθαι from ἀναδέχομαι “to receive, accept” [Used 2x in NT; 2x in LXX]
[75] κατεδέξατο from καταδέχομαι “to receive” [Used 0x in NT; 3x in LXX]
[76] προσκροῦσαι from προσκρούω “to strike against” [Used 0x in NT; 3x in LXX]
[77] περιουσίας from περιουσία “sum” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[78] περιέτρεψεν from περιτρέπω “to overturn, drive insane” [Used 1x in NT; 1x in LXX]
[79] ἐνόμιζον from νομίζω “to think, suppose” [Used 15x in NT; 15x in LXX]
[80] κατηγορίαν from κατηγορία “accusation” [Used 3x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[81] δεσμεῖσθαι from δεσμεύω “to bind” [Used 3x in NT; 8x in LXX]
[82] ἐλαύνεσθαι from ἐλαύνω “to persecute, drive, row” [Used 5x in NT; 8x in LXX]
[83] μυρία from μυριάς “thousand” [Used 8x in NT; 44x in LXX]
[84] δεινά from δεινά “such a person, a certain person” [Used 1x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[85] Ἀρκεῖ from ἀρκέω “to be content, be enough” [Used 8x in NT; 12x in LXX]
[86] ὕβρεσιν from ὕβρις “insolence, insult, violence, injury” [Used 3x in NT; 62x in LXX]
[87] ἀρετὴν from ἀρετή “moral excellene” [Used 5x in NT; 32x in LXX]
[88] ἐπιδεικνυμένους from ἐπιδείκνυμι “to show, display, exhibit” [Used 7x in NT; 13x in LXX]
[89] κοινωνοὺς from κοινωνός “partaker, partner, companion” [Used 10x in NT; 8x in LXX]
[90] προθυμίας from προθυμία “willingness, eagerness, goodwill” [Used 5x in NT; 1x in LXX]
[91] εἰκότως from εἰκότως “having good reason, appropriate” [Used 0x in NT; 1x in LXX]
[92] στοχάζομαι from στοχάζομαι “to reckon, guess” [Used 0x in NT; 4x in LXX]
[93] πεῖραν from πεῖρα “test, attempt” [Used 2x in NT; 6x in LXX]
[94] Perfect participle from λαμβάνω
[95] μάλιστα from μάλιστα “especially, exceedingly” [Used 12x in NT; 6x in LXX]
[96] ἀφεστηκότες from ἀφεστήξω “shall be absent, away from”
[97] βιάζεσθε from βιάζω “to force, use violence” [Used 2x in NT; 6x in LXX]
[98] ἀπολειφθῆναι from ἀπολιμπάνω “to leave” [Used 0x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[99] κοινωνῆσαι from κοινωνέω “to share, take part” [Used 8x in NT; 13x in LXX]
[100] ἔλαττον from ἐλάσσων “worse, less” [Used 4x in NT; 0x in LXX]
[101] ἀγῶνας from ἀγών “conflict” [Used 6x in NT; 16x in LXX]
[102] ἐμβεβηκότος from ἐμβαίνω “to embark, enter” [Used 16x in NT; 4x in LXX]
[103] πόρρωθεν from πόρρωθεν “distance, from afar” [Used 2x in NT; 16x in LXX]
[104] ἀποκειμένων from ἀπόκειμαι “to store away” [Used 4x in NT; 4x in LXX]
[105] διακεῖσθαι from διάκειμαι “to be firm, solid” [Used 0x in NT; 2x in LXX]
[106] προοιμίων from προοίμιον “parable, poem, preface” [Used 0x in NT; 3x in LXX]
[107] λαμπρὰν from λαμπρός “bright, illustrious” [Used 9x in NT; 6x in LXX]
[108] σβεσθῆναι from σβέννυμι “to quench, put out” [Used 10x in NT; 21x in LXX]
[109] λῆξαι from λήγω “to stop” [Used 0x in NT; 6x in LXX]
Youngblood’s Commentary on Jonah: Initial Impressions
First, the commentary is well researched. Youngblood is aware of and interacts with the breadth of recent scholarly publications on the book.
Second, the introduction was an easy read. Commentators often write their introductions in a way that ensures readers will skip right over to chapter one verse one. Youngblood preserves the necessary details without bogging down the reader.
Third, I love content footnotes, and Youngblood delivers.
Fourth, Youngblood provides a balanced presentation of the canonical, historical, and literary concerns that surround Jonah.
Here are a few other highlights from the introduction:
At the end of the introduction is a chart that maps the overall discourse structure of the book, which includes information about the number of words used in each section and density of key thematic concepts in each section. What a great resource!
Going forward, I look forward to seeing Youngblood’s arguments for beginning the first peak episode at 2:1c instead of 2:1. Trible’s proposal that the psalm from the belly of the fish is surrounded by a chiasm convinced me. Will Youngblood be able to dissuade me? We will see.
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